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2021521524.,,.,.,.20. The group standard research group meeting of spherical piezoelectric ceramic transducer of electronic ceramics and devices branch of China electronic components industry association was held in Zibo City, Shandong Province from May 21 to May 24, 2021. Wu Xufeng, honorary chairman of the electric ceramics branch, Luo Ping, secretary general, sun Zhaohai, general manager of Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramics Co., Ltd., leader of group standard of spherical piezoelectric ceramic transducer, Zhang Huorong, vice chairman of the electric ceramics branch and technical director of Zhejiang Jiakang Electronics Co., Ltd., vice chairman of the electric ceramics branch More than 20 people from standard setting units such as Hu Wangfeng, the science and technology specialist of CSIC Research Institute, attended the meeting.

With the update of production technology and the continuous expansion of applications, PZT piezoelectric ceramics have been widely entered into people's field of vision, and their popularity is also rising. PZT piezoelectric ceramics have the inverse piezoelectric effect, that is, the micro-displacement of the corresponding voltage signal can be generated when the voltage signal is applied. Moreover, they have the characteristics of high resolution at the nanometer level and response speed at the microsecond level, so as to satisfy the precision of optical phase modulation.PZT piezoelectric ceramic phase shifter is also the main component of various interference instruments, its accuracy will directly affect the measurement accuracy of interferometer. According to the difference of optical interference path, the number and types of PZT piezoelectric ceramics used are different, which can be divided into single branch and multiple branch. According to the different use scenarios of customers, the core will provide a variety of piezoelectric ceramics schemes for phase modulation/phase shift tomorrow. When optical fiber is used as the transmission medium of light, such as optical fiber differential interferometer and tunable optical fiber laser, the bit contact of light changes with the propagation length. For example, the fiber is wound to PZT piezoelectric ceramic. When the voltage signal is applied, the piezoelectric ceramic will be slightly deformed, which will change the length and refractive index of the fiber wound to PZT. When the piezoelectric ceramics undergo periodic micro-deformation, the length of the fiber changes periodically, and the phase of the transmitted light also changes periodically. For this scenario, the types of PZT piezoelectric ceramics that can be selected are very diverse, influenced by a number of factors such as size, delay time, and adjustment mode.

Barium titanate crystal is a kind of typical perovskite structure, with high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, the larger the resistivity, high crushing strength and excellent insulating performance characteristics, widely used in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC), a thermistor (PTCR), electro-optic devices and dynamic random access memory (FRAM) and so on, is the basis of the function of electronic ceramic device material, so the general scholars and the manufacturer called the backbone of the electronic ceramics industry. 1. Barium titanate for multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) Multi-layer ceramic capacitor, also known as monolithic capacitor, is by far the most used chip electronic components in the world, with large capacitance, small size, good sealing characteristics.As a basic electronic component, MLCC has been widely used in the fields of mobile communication, household appliances, automobile electronics, aviation and military industry. 2.Barium titanate is used for other special ceramics Piezoelectric properties refer to the properties of crystal polarization changing with applied stress, including positive piezoelectric effect and inverse piezoelectric effect.Based on the good piezoelectric properties of barium titanate, it is mainly used in sound sensors, ultrasonic motors, medical imaging, electronic igniters, buzzers and other aspects. Piezoelectric effect of barium titanate Ferroelectricity is a property that crystal can produce spontaneous polarization and the direction of spontaneous polarization changes with the direction of applied electric field.Based on the good ferroelectric performance of barium titanate, it can be used in ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), ferroelectric electric field effect transistor (FFET), ferroelectric dynamic random access memory (FDRAM), etc.

Piezoelectric ceramics, in which the positive piezoelectric effect and the reverse piezoelectric effect, what is the specific? Is it a physical piezoelectric property? What is the generation life of piezoelectric ceramics? What is the output current and voltage of piezoelectric ceramics in lighters? These problems are all related to piezoelectric ceramics, so let's learn about them. 1. What are the positive and reverse piezoelectric effects of piezoelectric ceramics? Is it a physical piezoelectric property? In piezoelectric ceramics, its positive piezoelectric effect, which is simply understood, is to transform mechanical effect into electrical effect. The converse piezoelectric effect, on the contrary, transforms the electrical effect into mechanical effect. In addition, it should be noted that piezoelectric ceramics have spontaneous polarization property, and they can change under the action of external electric field. At the same time, these two effects belong to the physical piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric ceramics. 2. What is the service life of piezoelectric ceramic power generation? What is the output current and voltage of piezoelectric ceramics in lighters? Generally speaking, the power generation life of piezoelectric ceramics is about 100000 times. For the piezoelectric ceramics in lighters, they are deformed under the action of external forces, so as to generate a voltage of 4000-6000 volts in an instant, even tens of thousands of volts. As for its current, it is relatively small, about a few microamps. For piezoelectric ceramics in lighters, the main characteristic is to produce voltage by deforming them with external force. Moreover, the greater the deformation, the greater the voltage. In addition, its electric shock ability is very strong. However, because the current generated by it is very small, it will not cause harm to people and there will be no danger. For piezoelectric ceramics, we believe that through the above knowledge content, we can get new harvest and inspiration from it, so as to make our own progress, and accumulate the amount of knowledge in this area, so as to make good use of it in practical work, in case of unexpected needs. In addition, only in this way can the role and value of the knowledge be well reflected, rather than wasted.

In the heat exchange, there is an ultrasonic logging transducer. Then, on this transducer, the following is mainly to solve some related problems: what is the composition of the ultrasonic logging transducer? Is it the same as a vibrator? And how to judge the quality of the transducer? Now let's have a specific answer to make it clear. 1. What is the composition of ultrasonic logging transducer? The transducer of ultrasonic logging consists of three parts: acoustic system, electronic circuit and sound insulation. Among them, the sound system mainly includes the transmitting transducer and the receiver, so as to carry out some judgment work and pass the receiving time of the sound wave. 2. Is the ultrasonic logging transducer the same as the vibrator? Ultrasonic logging transducer and vibrator are different, because vibration is just a common name, while ultrasonic logging transducer belongs to transducer, not vibrator. In addition, the center frequency of the transducer has drift in a certain range. Therefore, they cannot be equated. 3. How to judge the quality of ultrasonic logging transducer? For this, it is not difficult to implement it. The specific aspects involved are as follows: Judging from the manufacturing process and appearance of the transducer, if its quality is good, it is also good in the manufacturing process and appearance, not bad. In addition, we can also see whether the design is reasonable, whether the parameters match, and whether the ideal state can be achieved. However, it requires some experience and knowledge, otherwise it cannot be judged correctly. For ultrasonic logging transducer, the above problems are very important and key, so we can not be a little careless and lax in our study, otherwise it will affect the learning effect, but make ourselves lose more than gain. Moreover, from another point of view, only by mastering these knowledge, can we successfully and efficiently use the ultrasonic logging transducer in practice and benefit ourselves.

Ultrasonic level gauge is to transmit energy wave through a device which can transmit energy wave (usually pulse signal). The energy wave is reflected by obstacles, and the reflected signal is received by a receiving device. The change of liquid (material) level is determined by measuring the time difference of energy wave motion. Microwave signals are processed by electronic devices and eventually converted into electrical signals related to liquid level. A probe emits an ultrasonic pulse signal to the surface of the medium under test. The reflected ultrasonic signal is reflected when the medium under test (obstacle) is encountered in the transmission process. The reflected ultrasonic signal is detected by an electronic module and processed by a special software. The time difference between transmitting the ultrasonic wave and the echo is analyzed. Combined with the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave, the transmission distance of the ultrasonic wave can be calculated accurately. And then it can reflect the situation of liquid level.

The imaging system of medical ultrasound probe mainly relies on the ultrasonic transducer as the sensing element, which enables the ultrasonic probe to realize sector scanning under the drive of micro-motor, and obtains the histological characteristics of the target site through the echo signal in the form of ultrasonic echo, thus achieving the purpose of clinical diagnosis and treatment. The acquisition of ultrasonic echo depends on the inverse voltage effect and positive voltage effect of piezoelectric crystal of ultrasonic transducer. Its main structure includes control, transmitting and receiving, signal processing circuit, transducer, image processor and output. Of course, these are inseparable from the control of power supply. Positive piezoelectric effect refers to the change of shape of piezoelectric crystals along a certain direction under the action of external forces, which leads to polarization phenomenon inside them. The most direct manifestation is that there are positive and negative charges on the surface of piezoelectric crystals, but once the external forces are removed, the crystal charges will disappear. On the contrary, the inverse voltage effect is to add electric field to the polarization direction of the crystal. Under the action of external electric force, the shape of the crystal will change, but when the electric field is removed, the crystal will return to its original shape. Piezoelectric element is the core component of the transducer of the ultrasonic probe. It is made of piezoelectric material. In the endoscope imaging system, the transformation of acoustic wave and electric signal is realized by the positive voltage effect and the inverse voltage effect of piezoelectric crystal itself. Because piezoelectric element is the core component of the transducer of the ultrasonic probe, the performance of the whole ultrasonic probe depends on the quality of the piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric materials generally include piezoelectric semiconductors, polymer piezoelectric materials, high melting point single crystals, piezoelectric ceramics and so on. The materials of transducers for ultrasonic probe used in modern clinical diagnosis are usually made of piezoelectric ceramics. The shape of piezoelectric ceramics decides its machinability is relatively strong. It can be machined into the desired shape according to its needs. Its adaptability to the environment is unparalleled by other crystal materials. It has a strong stability and its electrodes are firm and not easy to fall off. In addition, the diversity of its crystals can meet the needs of piezoelectric materials for different ultrasonic probes, which makes it possible to produce piezoelectric ceramics. It is the first choice of piezoelectric materials.

There is new question from Customer who complaint performance of piezoelectric cylinder, as the tubes size influence the process of piezoelectric elements deformation, that is no appropriate to test piezoelectric tube in same way. Before testing a tube, please calculate: h / R0 (R0=average radius) = X when X <2, please test the performance K31 . 2. when 5>X>2, please test the bandwidth ΔF(fp-fs) Refer to Chinese Industrial standard CB1194-88, Measurement and Calculation Method of Performance Parameters of Underwater Acoustic Practical Piezoelectric Ceramic Components.

In 1986, participated in the formulation of the CB1125~1128-86 ministerial standard for general technical conditions of piezoelectric ceramic materials for underwater acoustics. In 1988, participated in the formulation of the "Measurement and Calculation Method of Performance Parameters of Underwater Acoustic Practical Piezoelectric Ceramic Components" CB1194-88 standard. In 1993, participated the formulation of the CB1218-93 ministerial standard of commonly used piezoelectric ceramic components for underwater acoustics. In 2004, Participated in the formulation of Dielectric Filters Part 1: General Specification SJIEC61337-1:2004, Dielectric Filters Part 2: Guidelines for UseSJIEC61337-2:2004 industry standard.

What are Piezoelectric Transducers? What is Piezoelectric Effect? Piezoelectric Crystals What is Piezoelectric Effect? There are certain materials that generate electric potential or voltage when mechanical strain is applied to them or conversely when the voltage is applied to them, they tend to change the dimensions along certain plane. This effect is called as the piezoelectric effect. This effect was discovered in the year 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. Some of the materials that exhibit piezoelectric effect are quartz, Rochelle salt, polarized barium titanate, ammonium dihydrogen, ordinary sugar etc. Piezoelectric Transducers The piezoelectric transducers work on the principle of piezoelectric effect. When mechanical stress or forces are applied to some materials along certain planes, they produce electric voltage. This electric voltage can be measured easily by the voltage measuring instruments, which can be used to measure the stress or force. The physical quantities like stress and force cannot be measured directly. In such cases the material exhibiting piezoelectric transducers can be used. The stress or the force that has to be measured is applied along certain planes to these materials. The voltage output obtained from these materials due to piezoelectric effect is proportional to the applied stress or force. The output voltage can be calibrated against the applied stress or the force so that the measured value of the output voltage directly gives the value of the applied stress or force. In fact the scale can be marked directly in terms of stress or force to give the values directly. The voltage output obtained from the materials due to piezoelectric effect is very small and it has high impedance. To measure the output some amplifiers, auxiliary circuit and the connecting cables are required. Materials used for the Piezoelectric Transducers There are various materials that exhibit piezoelectric effect as mentioned above. The materials used for the measurement purpose should posses desirable properties like stability, high output, insensitive to the extreme temperature and humidity and ability to be formed or machined into any shape. But none of the materials exhibiting piezoelectric effect possesses all the properties. Quartz, which is a natural crystal, is highly stable but the output obtained from it is very small. It also offers the advantage of measuring very slowly varying parameter as they have very low leakage when they are used with high input impedance amplifiers. Due to its stability, quartz is used commonly in the piezoelectric transducers. It is usually cut into rectangular or square plate shape and held between two electrodes. The crystal is connected to the appropriate electronic circuit to obtain sufficient output. Rochelle salt, a synthetic crystal, gives the highest output amongst all the materials exhibiting piezoelectric effect. However, it has to be protected from the moisture and cannot be used at temperature above 115 degree F. Overall the synthetic crystals are more sensitive and give greater output than the natural crystals. Advantages of Piezoelectric Transducers Every devise has certain advantages and limitations. The piezoelectric transducers offer several advantages as mentioned below: 1) High frequency response: They offer very high frequency response that means the parameter changing at very high speeds can be sensed easily. 2) High transient response: The piezoelectric transducers can detect the events of microseconds and also give the linear output. 3) High output: They offer high output that be measured in the electronic circuit. 4) The piezoelectric transducers are small in size and have rugged construction. Limitations of Piezoelectric Transducers Some of the limitations of piezoelectric transducers are: 1) Output is low: The output obtained from the piezoelectric transducers is low, so external electronic circuit has to be connected. 2) High impedance: The piezoelectric crystals have high impedance so they have to be connected to the amplifier and the auxiliary circuit, which have the potential to cause errors in measurement. To reduce these errors amplifiers high input impedance and long cables should be used. 3) Forming into shape: It is very difficult to give the desired shape to the crystals with sufficient strength. Applications of the Piezoelectric Transducers 1) The piezoelectric transducers are more useful for the dynamic measurements, i.e. the parameters that are changing at the fast rate. This is because the potential developed under the static conditions is not held by the instrument. Thus piezoelectric crystals are primarily used measurement of quantities like surface roughness, and also in accelerometers and vibration pickups. 2) For the same reasons they can be used for studying high speed phenomenon like explosions and blast waves. They are also used in aerodynamic shock tube work and seismograph (used for measurement of acceleration and vibration in rockets). 3) Many times the piezo sensors or transducers are used along with the strain gauges for measurement of force, stress, vibrations, etc. 4) The automotive companies used piezoelectric transducers to detect detonations in the engine blocks. 5) Piezoelectric transducers are used in medical treatment, sonochemistry and industrial processing equipments for monitoring the power. Reference 1) Book: Mechanical and Industrial Measurements by R. K. Jain, Khanna Publishers 2) Mechanical Measurements by Thomas G. Beckwith and N. Lewis Buck 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

Our company is a high-tech enterprise specializing in research and development and production of piezoelectric ceramics. The company has a united and self-confident production and sales team, a research and development team of excellence, and has good cooperative research and development relationship with Jinan University, Shaanxi Normal University, Academy of Acoustics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and many domestic research institutes. They choose our products to do professional research when conducting research on piezoelectric ceramics, ultrasonic sensors, transducers and other professional topics. Relying on strict production process and strict quality control, our piezoelectric ceramic components have excellent performance and consistency of 99.9%.

Equivalent Ceramic Materials Material Cross Reference PZT Material PZT-43 PZT-51 PZT-5H PZT-82 Supplier Navy Type I Navy Type II Navy Type VI Navy Type III Morgan Matroc PZT-4 PZT-5A PZT-5H PZT-8 Channel Ind. C5400 C5500 C5700 C5800 EDO Corp. EC-64 EC-65 EC-76 EC-69 Keramos K-270 K-350 \ K-278 APC 840 850 855 880

Technological Competitiveness Yuhai company is a high-tech enterprise specializing in research and development and production of piezoelectric ceramics. The company has a united and self-confident production and sales support team, a research and development team of excellence, and has good cooperative research and development relationship with Jinan University, Shaanxi Normal University, Academy of Acoustics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and many domestic research institutes. They choose our products to do professional research when conducting research on piezoelectric ceramics, ultrasonic sensors, transducers and other professional topics. Relying on strict production process and strict quality control, our piezoelectric ceramic components have excellent performance and consistency of 99.9%.

Declaration According to REACH Regulation (version on Oct. 18, 2018), Piezoelectric ceramic elements was exempted in REACH Regulations ANNEX XVII, 63.8.(k)(iv) as following: 63.8. As an exemption from Article 7, the following products are not subject to control: (k)(iv) Directive 2011/65/EU EU RoHS2.0. Zibo Yuhai company`s products are therefore exempted by REACH regulations. Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd. Sept. 14, 2018

ROHS Declaration Hereby, Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd. declares that its standard products PZT piezoelectric ceramic was listed in the exemption list of 2011/65/EU. Their main constituent that conform includes: Pb, Zr and Ti. According to following Annex Ⅲ(7c.1) of the current directive 2011/65/EU, PZT is exempted from the substance prohibition. Annex Ⅲ 7(c)-I Electrical and electronic components containing lead in a glass or ceramic other than dielectric ceramic in capacitors, e.g. piezoelectronic devices, or in glass or ceramic matrix compound In addition to PZT piezoelectric ceramic, Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd. produces piezoelectric transducers made of the material PZT. These transducers are compliant with the directive by virtue of the exception granted to piezoelectronic devices in Annex Ⅲ and AnnexⅣ. The specific list of actuator products that conform includes: HIFU beauty sensor Force sensor Microphone Transponder Ultrasonic resonator Zibo Yuhai company`s products are therefore ROHS compliant. Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd. 2018-9-14

Enhanced pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of PZT with aligned porosity for energy harvesting applications Yan Zhang,a Mengying Xie,a James Roscow,a Yinxiang Bao,b Kechao Zhou,b Dou Zhang*b and Chris R. Bowen*a https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ta/c7ta00967d#!divAbstract

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The production flow charge of Piezo Ceramic elements The flow chart of the process is as follows: batching - mixed grinding - pre-firing - secondary grinding - granulation - forming - removing - sintering - Ceramic - shape processing - electrode - high voltage polarization - aging test. 1. Ingredients: Pre-treatment, impurities removal and moisture removal, and then weigh various raw materials according to the proportion of the formula, pay attention to a small amount of additives to be placed in the middle of the bulk. 2. Mixed grinding: The purpose is to grind all kinds of raw materials evenly and prepare conditions for complete solid-state reaction of pre-burning. Dry grinding or wet grinding are generally adopted. Dry grinding can be used in small batches, and stirring ball milling or airflow grinding can be used in large batches with high efficiency. 3. Pre-firing: The aim is to synthesize piezoelectric ceramics by solid-state reaction of raw materials at high temperature. This process is very important. It will directly affect the sintering conditions and the performance of the final product. Fourth, secondary fine grinding: The purpose is to fine the pre-fired piezoelectric ceramic powder by vibration and mixing, laying a good foundation for uniform performance of the ceramics. 5. Granulation: The purpose is to form high-density particles with good fluidity. The method can be carried out manually, but the efficiency is low. The efficient method is spray granulation. Adhesive is added to the process. 6. Forming: The purpose is to press the granulated material into the required prefabricated blank size. Placement: The purpose is to remove the binder from the blank when granulating. 8. Sintering into Porcelain: The blank is sealed and sintered into Porcelain at high temperature. This link is very important. 9. Shape processing: grinding the burned products to the required size of finished products. 10. Subject electrodes: Conductive electrodes are arranged on the required ceramic surfaces. The general methods include silver burning, chemical deposition and vacuum coating. 11. High voltage polarization: the domains in the ceramics are aligned in orientation, so that the ceramics have piezoelectric properties. 12. Aging test: After the ceramic performance is stable, test the various indicators to see whether the expected performance requirements have been met. The manufacturing characteristic of piezoelectric ceramics is to polarize the ferroelectric ceramics under DC electric field to make them have piezoelectric effect. Generally, the polarization electric field is 3-5 kV/mm, the temperature is 100-150 degrees C, and the time is 5-20 minutes. These three factors are the main factors affecting the polarization effect. The electromechanical coupling coefficient of piezoelectric ceramics with good properties, such as lead zirconate titanate ceramics, can be as high as 0.313-0.694.

The piezoelectric ceramic have piezoelectric properties only in a certain temperature range. It has a critical temperature Tc. When the temperature is higher than Tc, the structure of piezoelectric material changes from ferroelectric phase to paraelectric phase, and the spontaneous polarization disappears. This critical temperature Tc is called Curie temperature of piezo ceramic. Therefore, Curie temperature of piezoelectric ceramic plays an important role in the application of piezoceramic elements. If it is used in high temperature environment, higher Curie temperature of piezoceramic components must be required. Therefore, with the expansion of the use of piezoelectric ceramic, the high temperature environment will be more and more, and the Curie temperature of piezo crystal will have higher requirements. The object of the invention is to provide a PZT piezoelectric ceramic material with high Curie temperature and a preparation method, which has high piezoelectric performance, higher Curie temperature than conventional material, simple preparation method, easy operation, pollution-free and low cost. China Patent ZL 2013 1 0300467.3